Radiotherapy was born in 1896, a few weeks after the discovery of X-rays. Its action against cancers was almost immediately investigated. Progress slowly arose from the production of more penetrating beams and better understanding of biological actions, Radiation physics, radiation biology and clinical research steps which allowed X-rays, gamma-rays and a few other beams to promote radiotherapy as one of the best tools to cure cancers will be summarized from the end of the nineteenth century to nowadays.

Megavoltage radiotherapy with Co60 and linear accelerators, allowing to deliver tumoricidal dose to the deepest tumors while to better spare normal tissues, was going to radically modify the treatment choices, used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.

We provide an overview of how Big Data models in oncology are structured and how patient clustering based on similarity has evolved.